Topic+A-27+Trace+nationalistic+activity+in+India;+and+describe+the+partition+of+India+and+the+division+of+Pakistan

Indian Nationalism Grows
**--- Describe the partition of India and the division of Pakistan,****along with independence struggles in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka ---** **Indian Nationalism Grows toc **

>> >> warning. The shooting continued for ten minutes. //(Taken from page 453 &// //454 in McDougal Littell Modern World History text book)// >> News of the slaughter, called the Amritsar Massacre, sparked an explosion of anger across India. Almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from loyal British subjects into nationalists. These Indians demanded independence. //(Taken from page 453 &// //454 in McDougal Littell Modern World History text book)//
 * ** ﻿ ﻿How did World War I increase nationalistic activity?  **
 * World War I increased Indian nationalism because Britain broke a promise to India, causing protests. The British made promises that they would help reform India for the support in the war. These promises would eventually lead to India having its own self-government. Over a million of Indians joined the British army in hope of an independent nation. After the war, Britain did not follow through with their promise to India. In response, Indians started violent protests to show their hate of British rule. This lead to the Rowlatt Act.
 * ** To curb dissent, in 1919 the British passed the Rowlatt Acts. What did these laws do? **
 * The Rowlatt Act was an act created by Britain in 1919. This act stated that Britain could jail any protesters for two years without trial. The purpose of this was to scare and get rid of the Indian protesters. This only made the Indian’s more mad. Well-educated Indians knew that this violated their individual rights and limited their freedom even more. That then led to the Amritsar Massacre.
 * ** What was the Amritsar Massacre? **
 * Amritsar Massacre was a protest to the Rowlatt Acts. Around 10,000 Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar, a major city in the Punjab in the spring of 1919. At a huge festival in an enclosed square, they intended to fast and pray and to listen to political speeches. A small group of nationalists were also on the scene. The demonstration, especially the alliance of Hindus and Muslims, alarmed the British. Most people at the gathering were unaware that the British government had banned public meetings. However, the British commander at Amritsar believed they were openly defying the ban. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without
 * ** What changes resulted from the Amritsar Massacre? **
 * Unable to escape from the enclosed courtyard, nearly 400 Indians died and about 1,200 were wounded.

Gandhi's Tactics of Nonviolence
>> >> >> Strikes and Demonstrations – The British were hurt bad by all of these economic failures and arrested many Gandhi supporters for going on strikes and at protests. >> Noncooperation – By not cooperating with Britain was a way of disobediance to weaken the British government by Gandhi. >>
 * ** ﻿Who was Mohandas K. Gandhi? **
 * Mohandas K. Gandhi was born in October 2, 1869 in Porbandor in Gujarat. As a young adult he traveled t[[image:sharma-obesity-gandhi1.jpg width="205" height="313" align="right" caption="Mohandas K. Gandi, a hero for India"]]o London to go to university and to train as a barrister. After a few years there he traveled back to India where he accepted a job at an Indian law firm in South Africa. The way the South Africans treated the Indian immigrants there amazed him and blew his mind. They treated them with no respect, like animals. Gandhi knew he had to stand up for his people, so he started to protest against countries that treated India unfairly, including Britain. He was the leader of the independence movement to free India of British rule. Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress in his way of non-violence, sticking up for India against the intimidating British.
 * ** Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation with the British Government. **
 * Gandhi encouraged this because the British did not punish the officers responsible for the Amritsar Massacre.
 * ** Define civil disobedience. **
 * Civil Disobedience - deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust.
 * ** List the 3 ways Gandhi demonstrated civil disobedience. **
 * Boycotts – He made sure no Indians would purchase any British items for sale or pay the taxes. One thing in particular was cloth that they manned which led to the sale of cloth to drop dramitcally.
 * ** What was the Salt March and how did the British react? **
 * In 1930 the British established the Salt Acts. Gandhi tried to free India of the harmful Salt Acts which were laws that made it illegal to produce or sell salt creating a monopoly for Britain. The Salt March was a protest against these taxes. Gandhi rallied his supporters and marched 240 miles to Dandi where they picked out salt. They did this by collecting seawater and waiting for the water to evaporate, so they could take the sea salt. To make their protest more impactful, they marched to a salt processor factory, their goal being to shut it down. They were attacked by police officers who beat them, but the Indians did not retaliate. Gandhi and about 60,000 of his followers were arrested.
 * This is a conversation a student had with Barack Obama. It shows how Gandhi's presence in resisting Britain in a non-violent way inspired successful people even today in the United Statesmedia type="file" key="Barack Obama dinner with Mahatma Gandhi.mp3" width="240" height="20"

Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
>
 * In 1935, the British Parliament passed the __Government of India Act__.
 * **What did this act provide?**
 * "The government of India Act provided local self-government and limited democratic elections, but not total independence" (Beck 455).
 * **The Government of India Act fueled mounted tensions between Muslims and Hindus. What was the source of tension between these two groups in India?**
 * Tensions grew because both ethnicities had different views on the future of India, and how India would turn out. Muslims were very outnumbered which is a major factor of why the Muslims were worried they would be overpowered.

A Movement Toward Independence
>>
 * **﻿In 1939, what did the British do that intensified Indian resistance?**[[image:1597-004-D85E438D.gif align="right" caption="The flag of India"]]
 * The British forced India’s army to fight in WWII for the British side without even asking the leaders in India. This is where Gandhi stepped in to play, and this action humiliated the country of India. Many Indian nationalists were arrested for expressing their beliefs.
 * **What is the difference between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League?**
 * The difference was that the Indian National Congress was made up of mostly Hindus, while the the Muslim League was made up of Muslims. The Indian National Congress, when it was first created, wanted to help discuss with Britain on how they would treat India. Gandhi then took over and led a passive resistance towards Britain. The Muslim League's original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.
 * **What was the conflict between these two political groups?**
 * The conflict between them was that the Muslim League’s leader wanted all of the few Muslims in the Indian National Congress out. He also stated he will never want independence if it means the Hindus are in power

**Freedom Brings Turmoil**
 * **When did India gain its independence?**India gained its independence on July 16th, 1947. The freedom was granted after the British House of Commons passed an act that created two nations, India and Pakistan.
 * **Why were the British so willing to let it go?**
 * At the end of World War II, Britain faced large war debts. This caused Britain to think more about which colonies they needed to keep, and which colonies they needed to let go.
 * **What was the key problem with India gaining its independence?**
 * The Muslims resisted an independence which would be ruled by Hindus.
 * **What happened in Calcutta in August 1946?**
 * For four days, riots between Hindus and Muslims caused the death of more than 5,000 people. In addition, almost 15,000 people were hurt.
 * **What decision did the British make about India on July 16, 1947? What two nations emerged?**
 * The rioting convinced British officials that a partition was the answer to solve this problem. A partition is a change of political borders that divides an existing area to create new parts. In India, the land was divided to create separate Muslim and Hindu counties, Pakistan and India.
 * **What did this decision do to the Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs?**[[image:64605-004-1CB809FC.gif width="189" height="177" align="right" caption="Kashmir, shown in orange next to India and Pakistan"]]
 * By mid 1947, people across India were moving to relocate due to the partition. During the move, violence broke out between the different ethnic groups. Muslims killed Sikhs, and Hindus and Sikhs killed Muslims. At the end of the violence, over 1 million people had died.
 * **What piece of land did the Hindus and Muslims clash over?**
 * After the partition, India and Pakistan still clashed over a region of the Himalayas known as Kashmir.
 * **Why was their conflict over this land?**
 * This occurred because Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu ruler, but was composed of mainly Muslims.
 * **How did the United Nations settle this matter? Is it really settled?**
 * The United Nations settled the conflict in 1949 by giving a third of Kashmir to Pakistan and two thirds of it to India. Despite this, India and Pakistan still struggle over Kashmir today.

Modern India

 * ** With gaining its independence on August 15, 1947, India became the world largest? **
 * On August 15, 1947, India became the worlds largest democracy.
 * **Who was Jawaharlal Nehru? How did he move India toward the future?**[[image:nehru.jpg width="200" height="251" align="right" caption="Jawaharlal Nehru"]]
 * Jawaharlal Nehru was India's first prime minister. He led other nations in forming an alliance of countries that were neutral in the cold war. In India, he called for reorganization of the states by language. He also wanted industrialization and social reforms. In addition, he tried to raise the status of those at the bottom of society and expand the rights of women.
 * ** Who was Indira Gandhi and what challenges did she face? **
 * Indira Gandhi was Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter. She was not related to Mohandas Gandhi. She was also chosen as prime minister of India. She faced many challenges like the growing threat from Sikh extremists who wanted an independent state.
 * ** In 1998 who was elected Prime Minister? **
 * In 1998 Indira Ghandi's son Rajiv Ghandi became prime minister.
 * ** By 2035, what is expected to happen to India's population? **
 * By 2035, India's population is expected to surpass China's and become the worlds most populous country.
 * **India and Pakistan have both become__ powers.**
 * India and Pakistan have both become __nuclear__ powers.
 * ** In 1974, which nation exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device? **
 * In 1974 India exploded a peaceful nuclear device.
 * **In 1998, Indian officials conducted ___ underground nuclear tests.**
 * In 1998, Indian officials conducted __five__ underground nuclear tests.
 * **Meanwhile, the ____ had been building their own nuclear program.**
 * Meanwhile, the __Pakistanians__ had been building their own nuclear program.

Pakistan Copes with Freedom

 * **[[image:bangladesh_map_2007-worldfactbook.jpg width="216" height="228" align="right" caption="Bangladesh"]]﻿Pakistan actually began as two separate and divided states, __East Pakistan__ and __West Pakistan__.**
 * **How different were these two regions? What did they have in common?**
 * They were different in culture, language, history, geography, economy, and ethnic background. The only thing they had in common with each other was their Islamic believes.
 * **How did the giant cyclone and tidal wave of East Pakistan in 1970 cause problems between the two regions?**
 * Outside nations helped East Pakistan without a thought, while West Pakistan delayed its aid. This caused tension in East Pakistan. Citizens of East Pakistan were against their neighbor's long reaction time.
 * **On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan declares itself independent and changes its name to?**
 * Bangladesh[[image:pk-map.gif width="206" height="219" align="right" caption="Pakistan"]]
 * **Civil War breaks out and India sends troops to help which side?**
 * India supported Bangladesh
 * **Which side won the war?**
 * Bangladesh. They won quickly because of West Pakistan's quick surrender. Also because of East Pakistan's allies.
 * **What happened in Pakistan after the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah?**
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first governor-general of Pakistan. Once he died the country had little leadership. Because of this weak leadership, the army constantly tried military coups.
 * **How does Pakistan's government function today?**
 * The nation continues to struggle for power.

=Works Cited= >>
 * 1) Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka. __Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction__. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 2005
 * 2) Dowling, Mike, "Pakistan and Bangladesh at mrdowling.com," available from http://www.mrdowling.com/612-pakistan.html; Internet; updated Monday, July 11, 2005 . ©2009, Mike Dowling.
 * 3)  K2 . Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Web. 9 May. 2011. <[|http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/69374/K2-in-the-]
 * 4)  Jammu and Kashmir . Map. Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Web. 9 May. 2011. <[] >.
 * 5) "CIA - The World Factbook." Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency . CIA, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 09 May 2011. .
 * 6) “Nehru.” Photo. mynews.in 5 Jan. 2011. 9 May. 2011 
 * 7) "India, flag of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 May. 2011. 
 * 8) "Indian National Congress." // Infoplease.com //. Columbia University Press, 2007. Web. 9 May 2011. .
 * 9) "BBC - History - Mohandas 'Mahatma' Gandhi." // Bbc.com //. 2011. Web. 10 May 2011. .
 * 10) Sharma, Arya M. "How Old Was Gandhi When He Died or Why Testimonials Sell." // Dr. Sharma's Obesity Notes //. Web. 10 May 2011. <http://www.drsharma.ca/obesity-how-old-was-gandhi-when-he-died-or-why-testimonials-sell.html>.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">// Works Cited //. Digital image. // Central School District //. 2011. Web. 11 May 2011. <http://www.cssd.org/imageGallery/ALuke373/library%20images/works-cited.jp
 * 12) <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">//World Factbook//., Web. 12 May 2011. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html>.Web.
 * 13) <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">//World Factbook//., Web. 12 May 2011. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html>.Web.