Topic+A-13+Explain+how+civilians+on+the+Allied+and+Axis+home+fronts+contributed+to+the+war+effort

**__HOME FRONT__** = = = = = = = = =__The Allied Home Fronts Mobilizing for W﻿ar__ = For many countries, World War II required mobilizing for total war. . All home resources were sent to the battlefront as the home front took up a wartime mentality. Factories and shops were converted to produce supplies needed for battle. During the war, U.S. factories became nearly completely focused on manufacturing supplies for their troops, as well as other Allied countries. From 1942 and on, they began producing enormous amounts of wartime materials such as tanks, aircrafts, warships, machine guns, and ammunition to contribute to the war. Human resources were also used as citizens were put to work to help production. Resources like food and useful materials were rationed so that they could be sent to the soldiers. Anything needed for the war effort was sent.
 * ** Fighting the war requires complete use of all //__home resources__.// ** [[image:supermarine-spitfire-625x450.jpg width="183" height="134" align="right"]]

With men off fighting the war, many women were sent into the workforce. In the U.S, most worked as unskilled industrial workers. They also helped as nurses, teachers, secretaries, and shop keepers. The war brought a new light to the usefulness of females. Older men and young boys were also sent in to replace factory workers, though the demands of war production created long hours and immense pressure for all workers, regardless of gender. This pressure increased the number of labor unions and strikes in many Allied countries. The industrial workers, many of which were female, greatly contributed to the war effort as they helped produce military materials.
 * **17 to 18 million U.S. workers --many of them //__women__//--make weapons.**

media type="custom" key="9392132" width="60" height="60" align="right" To sponsor the war, countries needed to devote all of their home resources to the war effort. In many countries, particularly the Allies, rationing consumer goods was implemented to conserve materials needed for battle. In both Britain and the United States, government inflicted strict limitations on foods, clothing, fuel, furniture, and other goods. But even with rationing, sending all resources to the battle front caused numerous shortages. Almost everything was in short supply: foods, medical care, appliances, household goods, etc. Even clothes and shoes were made using the least fabric and materials possible, to conserve supplies. In the U.S, people had money but nothing to purchase. In other countries, these difficult shortages had troubling repercussions, such as widespread hunger and the development of black markets. Overall, the demands of the war took up almost all of a country’s resources and created shortages of consumer goods everywhere.
 * **People at home face shortages of** //**__consumer goods.__**//

 Propaganda was a government tool us  ed to control the support of the citizens and inspire people to greater efforts during the war. In America, where patriotism was high, posters of all kinds were hung up to inspire people. They would contain short phrases aimed to point out the importance of industrial production for the war, getting men to enlist in the army, and having women help as either nurses or factory workers. Many Allied posters stereoty ped Italy, Germany, and Japan as the enemies and Germany used propaganda to gain support for Hitler and the Nazis. Propaganda posters would even use threats and guilt to persuade the citizens to buy war bonds or government war stamps, or to keep quiet about war information. In countries where spirits were low, the governments used propaganda to control negative rumors and defeatism. Censorship of media w as also used around the world; to make sure that any messages that were against the war or that would damage public morale were not seen. Ultimately, propaganda was used to boost the morale of the population and quiet any antiwar sentiments.
 * **What does propaganda aim to do during the war?**

=__War Limits Civil Righ____ts__ = On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was bombed by hundreds of Japanese warplanes. This event enraged American citizens and created many bitter feelings toward the Japanese Americans living in the U.S. They soon became the victims of harsh racial targeting and the government began questioning whether the Japanese Americans posed any threats against the nation as spies or traitors.
 * **Japanese Americans face __//prejudice//__ and //__interment__.//**

In 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 which forced around 110,000 Japanese Americans, living mostly in California, into internment camps located in places <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">such as Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, Idaho, Arkansas, and Utah. The action was justified in the Supreme Court by stating that it was needed to protect national security. Those sent to the <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">camps were forced to hastily sell their homes and businesses for almost nothing. Losing incredible amounts of money, many faced financial ruin. The internment camps were ill-equipped, overcrowded, and located in remote areas, and the Japanese were living in terrible conditions. Ironically, numerous Japanese Americans were serving in the military while their family members were sent into concentration, and while the Japanese were suffering, German and Italian Americans were barely discriminated against. The U.S government did not formally apologize or compensate for this unjust crime until 1988.
 * <span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**U.S Army puts Japanese Americans in __//internment camps//__ in 1942.media type="custom" key="9395528" width="70" height="70" align="right"**

= = =<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 160%;">__Axis Power Home Fronts__ = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">People in all countries experienced rationing and shortages. Food was often in short supply and in some Axis countries, hunger was widely felt. Meat, sugar, butter, cheese, and coffee were some of the foods in low supply. Other materials such as gasoline, rubber, tin, soap and furniture were also included in the shortages. Even domestic and medical assistance were hard to come by at times. The materials demands of the war created hard times for the people on the home fronts. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;">Since World War II was a total war, sending all home resources to the battlefield was an action that the government expected the people to support. Factories were converted to "war time" production. Citizens were expected to contribute to the war through work and rationing goods. They were encouraged to purchase war bonds and stamps, conserve as much as they could and never fail in moral support. A majority of governments used propaganda to keep spirits and support up in their countries. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;">Both the Axis and Allied powers used propaganda to gain support from their people. It inspired citizens to help or join the war. Both sides used it to unite their countries and to influence opinions in the government’s favor. Selective censorship and propaganda helped to justify each country’s actions to their people and implement support.
 * <span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**What type of shortages did the people face?**
 * <span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**How were the people expected to support the war effort?**
 * <span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**How did propaganda on the Allied home fronts compare to the propaganda on the Axis home fronts?**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__CITATIONS__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> -"American Propaganda." // Wartime Propaganda //. Think Quest, 3 May 2011. Web. 4 May2011. < http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111500/ww2/american/ amerprop.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-"After Silence: Civil Rights and the Japanese American Experience ." //Educational Media Reviews Online//. Lois Shelton, 19 February 2004. Web. 6 May 2011. <http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/EMRO/emrodetail.asp?number=1505>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;"> -Beck, Roger B. "The Allied Victory." // Modern World History //. 2007. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-"Japanese Americans." PBS. N.p., 2007. Web. 5 May 2011.<http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_japanese_american.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-McNeese, Tim. //World War II: 1939-1945//. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-O’Neill, William L. //World War II: A Student Companion.// New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;"> -"Propaganda." // Nebraska Studies //. N.p., 2 May 2011. Web. 4 May 2011. < [] frameset_reset.html? [|http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0800/stories/] 0801_0121.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-Smith, Douglas J., and Richard Jenson. //World War II on the Web//. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2003. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-Trueman, Chris. "Women In World War Two." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2011. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/women_WW2.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 200%;">-"World War 2: British Home Front." //History//. Web. 2 May 2011. <http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/british-home-front.html>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> - "WW2 Propaganda  - Propaganda Posters." // Axis Allies //. Raven PHP Scripts , Web. 3 May 2011. < [|http://www.axis-and-allies.com/worldwar2-propaganda-poster-wwII.html].

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__PICTURES and VIDEOS__

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">"Challenges of Japanese Americans in World War II." 5min Life Videopedia. Web. 13 May 2011. <Challenges of Japanese Americans in World War II>.

"Hitler." German Propaganda Archive. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/posters2.htm>.

Produce for Victory. Web. 13 May 2011. <"We Can Do It!." Produce for Victory. http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/victory/victory4.htm>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">"Rationing and Food Coupons During World War II in California." 5min Life Videopedia. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.5min.com/Video/Rationing-and-Food-Coupons-During-World-War-II-in-California-268423586>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">"Together We Can Do It." Produce for Victory. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/victory/>.

"We Can Do It!." Produce for Victory. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/victory/victory4.htm>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">World War II Propaganda (as Art?). Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.tentimesone.com/world-war-ii-propaganda-as-art/>.