Topic+A-33+Trace+the+origins+of+detente+and+its+effects+on+the+Cold+War;+and+describe+the+renewal+of+Cold+War+tensions+in+the+1980's

= __**From Brinkmanship to D﻿étente and Brinkmanship Breaks Down**__ =


 * ** Brinkmanship cause repeated crises, which caused a constant threat. **
 * Brinkmanship- the technique or practice of maneuvering a dangerous situation to the  limits of tolerance or safety in order to secure the greatest advantage, especially by creating diplomatic  crises. The famous quote said by the Secretary of State after the Cuban Missile Crisis, "eyeball to eyeball" and "did that man just blink" describes how close the war was to total destruction. Brinkmanship can lead to complete preparation for an actual war, just like in the Cold War when the US and The Soviet Union had made and were to use nuclear missiles on either country. If this war were to ever go through, total annihilation would be the outcome, and neither country wanted this to happen. While still making nuclear and non-nuclear weapons, both countries started to talk and tensions eased. In 1913, President Nixon wanted to break up the prolonging Cold War, which was bringing down the American economy. Both countries agreed to end the war and tensions eased. In 1913, John F. Kennedy wanted to stop the pro-longed   cold war with the Soviet Union and brinkmanship turned into détente.

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 * **John F. Kennedy's ideology and actions toward brinkmanship**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the 1960's when President John F. Kennedy was in office, the Cuban Missile Crisis (video above) made the countries' use of nuclear weapons realistic. The United States had made it clear to the Soviet leader (Nikita Khrushchev) that the US was not going to interfere in any soviet activity that is happening in the Cuban area. So in 1962, mid-July, the Soviet leader secretly started the construction of 42 missile sites in Cuba. In October a United States spy spotted the missile site. The president declared that missile being so close to the United States was a major concern. He wanted the removal at once, and he also announced a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets from creating more deadly missiles. After the Soviet refused, the United States and the Soviet Union were heading straight for each other. People all over the war were frightened that a nuclear war would be the outcome. Thankfully Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles, but the US had to promise not to invade Cuba. Tensions remained high after the President Kennedy in 1963, Lyndon Johnson assumed presidency.

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 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 27px;">**Lyndon Johnson ideology and actions toward brinkmanship**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Committed to stopping the spread of communism, President Johnson wanted to increase the amount of United States effort in the Vietnam War. After the decision, large amounts of protests came up and the United States backed away from the problem with the Soviet Union, and brinkmanship turned into détente (a maxim of lowering tensions of the Cold War). Détente replaced brinkmanship when President Richard M. Nixon was in office. Lyndon Johnson was not fully focused with the war with the Soviet Union, which ended up being a somewhat good thing because both countries calmed down. President Johnson's main focus was to stop communism in Europe, the main reason for the United States to join the Vietnam War. After the riots and the United States back away from the Soviet Union, President Nixon came into power.

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**__<span style="color: #008000; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">From Brinkmanship to Détente and the United States Turns to Détente __**
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; font-weight: normal; line-height: 25px;">**Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for less confrontational policy**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 99%;">At the beginning of the Vietnam War, Americans were supportive of the decision to stop Communism. As the war continued and more and more men were killed, Americans began to protest. Widespread popular protests were a factor that wracked the US during the Vietnam War. These protests were to end all the war and violence happening in Vietnam at the time. Even with many people opposing the war, the turmoil did not end with the US withdrawing from the war. Instead, the US tried to heal the internal wounds caused by the protests by backing away from its policy of direct confrontation with the Soviet Union by approaching a policy known as détente.



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 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 25px;">**What was Détente? What was its significance?**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 99%;">Détente was a policy of reducing Cold War tension, established after the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Under Nixon, détente replaced brinkmanship. This policy provided permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War. The replacement of brinkmanship was caused by two reasons: the Vietnam-era horror and a growing fear of nuclear war. China and the Soviet Union also supported détente, as it provided benefits for all three countries. It was significant to the United States because it was a better solution for containing communism compared to the previous methods. Creating a neutral relationship with the Soviet Union was also important, especially after the Vietnam War.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal;">**Who was Richard M. Nixon? What was his position on the détente?** <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Richard M. Nixon was the 37th president of the USA. He was president at the time of the Cold War. His early political career was built around his strong anticommunist views. Once he became president, his views began to change. Nixon reconstructed his anticommunist views with the help of his National Security Advisor and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. He surprised the world by departing from his strong view by pursuing détente with the Soviet Union. He wanted this so the United States and the Soviet Union could find a way to work together to reduce tension and coexist among one another.


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal;">**Détente grows out of a philosophy known as ? What was "realistic politics?"**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nixon's move toward détente grew out of a philosophy known as realpolitik. The word realpolitik came from a German word meaning "realistic politics." Realistic politics meant dealing with other nations in a practical and flexible manner. Otto von Bismarck, who coined the term in the 1860s, was a master of what came to be known as realpolitik. It was used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism. Détente was based off of realpolitiks because it was an ideal way to approach other countries peacefully. In the end, détente was a successful policy for major nations around the world.



= <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">** __﻿﻿The Collapse of Détente and and Policy Changes__ ** =


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 21px;">**﻿Nixon and Gerald Ford Improve Relations With Soviet Union and China**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Nixon improved his relations with these countries in order to provide a quick and easy exit from the Vietnam War. On July 9, 1961, Nixon sent a diplomat to China to arrange a meeting with Premier Chou en Lai. The two made no specific agreements, but the fact that they even had relations with China was very impressive. President Nixon also met with Leonid Brezhnev in Moscow, Russia, and signed ten agreements between the United States and Russia. These agreements included the anti-ballistic missile treaty, and the billion-dollar trade agreement. Nixon prided his ability in diplomacy, but could not manage to make peace with Vietnam.




 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet Policies but signs SALT II
 * President Jimmy Carter had served in the navy and had expansive knowledge of the mass destruction caused by nuclear bombs. He wanted the Soviets to be limited on the producing and owning nuclear weapons, and he also wanted to stop the spread of nuclear weapon availability to other smaller nations. Carter was also concerned with the policies the Soviet needed to have in order for them to sign the treaty. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan postponed the signing of the SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) treaty and caused the president to wait longer before signing it.


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Congress Will Not Ratify SALT II due to Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan [[image:Invasion_of_Afghanistan.jpg width="462" height="301" align="right" caption="Soviet Union attacks on Afghanistan"]]**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Congress refused to ratify the SALT II agreement because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On Christmas of 1979, Soviet infantrymen arrived in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. The prime minister, Hazifullah Amin, tried to get the Muslim religion out of the country. The guerilla force known as the Mujahideen was formed by Muslims on a holy mission for Allah. Both the Mujahideen and the Amin government thought that the Russians supported the Amin, but the Soviets proved them wrong a few days later when they overthrew the Amin government and put Babrak Kamal into power. Congress eventually signed the SALT II, but not until Russia withdrew from Afghanistan.

= <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; font-weight: normal; line-height: 33px;">**__ ﻿﻿Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist Stance __** =


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 14px;">﻿﻿**Who took office in 1981 in the US that was Anti-Communist?**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1981, Ronald Reagan became president of the United States. President Reagan was did not believe in the ideals of communism, therefore making him anti-communist. The Reagan doctrine was formed to show Reagan's support for anti-communism. His goal with the Reagan Doctrine was to try and eliminate communist countries in many countries that were supported by the Soviet Union.


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 23px;">**Increases military spending, proposes a missile defense program called?**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 14px;">On March 23, 1983 the SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative) was introduced by President Reagan. This was a purposeful plan that would build an anti-missile system in space. The program became known as "Star Wars." Star Wars was considered ambitious, because it increased military spending. Advanced new technology was needed for it. The SDI's goal was to protect the United States from nuclear missiles coming from the Soviet Union. However, the Soviets were also afraid that the United States would use nuclear missiles against them. Just as work had started on this program, the technology became too complicated so much of the work was cancelled.


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 14px;">﻿**In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing of Cold War tensions.**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 14px;">One of Reagan's main goals as president was to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the Soviet leader. He started to lessen the old communist rules and policies. Gorbachev and President Reagan achieved a treaty that would get rid of medium nuclear missiles. Through this treaty, both Reagan's and Gorbachev's goal was peace. With Gorbachev as the new Soviet leader, the Cold War hostility started to decrease.

= <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Nixon Visits Communist Powers__** =

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 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 22px;">**Nixon Visits Communist China**
 * <span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">Nixon was famous for his anti-communist campaigns, but on live television he surprised everyone by announcing he was going to Communist China. The reason for Nixon’s travels to communist china was because he needed to talk to the Chinese leaders and have them on his side when he sits down with Russia to negotiate the SALT I treaty. Nixon was the first president to visit Communist China and it was for a good cause. Nixon wanted to enhance his relations with China and the Soviet Union and the only way to do this was with the SALT I treaty. After getting China to help them negotiate with the Soviet Union, Nixon and Brezhnev sat down and signed the treaty bringing China, Russia, and America to an agreement.

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 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">** SALT I Treaty [[image:Nixon_and_Brezhnev_Signing_SALT_I.jpg width="364" height="212" align="right" caption="Nixon and Brehznev signing the SALT I Treaty."]]**
 * <span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The SALT I Treaty was a treaty designed tomake an agreement between Russia, China, and America. The SALT I Treaty was a treaty that limited the number of intercontinental ballistic and submarine launched missiles each country could have. SALT stood for for Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, which means it limits the amount of arms each country can have. SALT I was a five-year agreement to limit each countries weapons and after the five-year contract was over they could go back to their old ways with their weapons. 33 nations had joined Russia and America in sighing the famous SALT I treaty.

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